Giovanni Agnelli

Fiat's founder, Giovanni Agnelli, was born in Turin. Like many sons of the Piedmontese upper-middle classes, he was given a military training and soon became a lieutenant in the cavalry. In 1889 he married Clara Boselli, the Florence-born sister of a naval officer. The newly-weds were stationed in Verona.

Giovanni was a formal man, always immaculate in a dark suit. His stern manner and intensity often aroused fear in subordinates. At the age of 26, he abandoned the life of a cavalryman in Verona and returned to the family mansion in Turin. These were years of economic crisis, of numerous bank scandals. In that period Giovanni's heir, Edoardo, was born in 1892 and Aniceta, his daughter, not long after.

Edoardo and Aniceta formed the basis of the Agnelli dynasty. But after the children arrived Giovanni Agnelli did not know quite what to do with himself. Then, out of the blue, there came news of the invention of the horseless carriage. Immediately Agnelli saw an opportunity. In 1898, he met Count Emanuele Bricherasio di Cacherano, an eccentric Turinese nobleman who was looking for investors for his horseless carriage project. Few investors were interested but Agnelli sensed the opportunity. On 1st July 1899, four years before Henry Ford set up his company in America, Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili Torino was incorporated. The name was naturally soon shortened to Fiat. Giovanni Agnelli was managing director at the age of 30.

Almost from the start Fiat was known for the talent and creativity of its engineering staff, and the first car was soon launched. By 1903 the company had made a modest profit and produced 135 cars; in 1906 production had increased more than eightfold to 1,149 cars, of which 300 were exported. Fiat then went public on the Milan borsa and Agnelli began to buy any shares that became available to add to his holding.

But in August 1908, a scandal broke that forced Agnelli and the entire board to resign. The Turin state prosecutor charged Agnelli and his fellow directors with circulating falsely optimistic news to push up the Fiat share price, engaging in fraudulent share dealings and falsifying the company's accounts for 1907.

However, Agnelli was acquitted at the trial and returned to his post as Fiat managing director, taking effective control of the company. In 1907 he was awarded the cavaliere al merito del lavoro, the Italian equivalent of a knighthood. During the First World War Fiat reaped a windfall of government orders for military vehicles and equipment. The company also perfected its first airplane engine, a 50-horsepower model.

Thus began the fat years for Fiat. The company grew faster and faster on the back of war profits. By 1914 it was producing more than 4,000 vehicles a year. The company, which had begun life in 1899 with 50 employees, now had a workforce of more than 4,000. This reached the 10,000 mark by the end of 1915. During the war years Fiat jumped from being the 30th biggest company in Italy to become the third biggest. In the twenties Agnelli diversified and bought La Stampa, the Turin newspaper.

During this period, his heir, Edoardo, fathered a son, the second of seven children. He was born on 12th March 1921, and was given the name of his grandfather, soon shortened to Gianni. He was destined to eventually inherit Fiat. At the age 14 Gianni's father, Edoardo Agnelli, was killed in an air crash and his mother died just three years later. He was brought up by his grandfather, together with his six brothers and sisters. The seven Agnelli children were Clara born in 1920, Gianni born in 1921, Susanna born in 1922, Maria Sole born in 1925, Cristiana born in 1927, Giorgio born in 1929, and Umberto, who was born in 1934. Gianni secured a law degree from the University of Turin in 1943, but his studies were interrupted by the start of the Second World War and he joined the Italian army in true family tradition.

During the war Fiat reaped the benefits of big government military orders. Lieutenant Gianni Agnelli, meanwhile, distinguished himself in the winter of 1941-42, fighting for Mussolini's army at the Russian front. Shortly thereafter he was transferred to North Africa, where he fought with valour in Tunisia. When it later became clear that the Fascists had lost, Gianni Agnelli switched sides along with many other Italians, to welcome the Allies and fight for them.

In November 1945, 79-year-old Giovanni Agnelli died, leaving his grandchildren Fiat, then said to be worth € 1 billion, although that sounds unlikely. Twenty-four-year-old Gianni thought himself too young to run the company and so left it in the capable hands of Professor Vittorio Valletta, a former professor of banking. He preferred the fast life and earned a reputation as a playboy. But a car crash made him reevaluate his life and in 1966, after 21 years of enjoying himself, he took over as chairman of Fiat. More than 30 years later he is still at the helm, as honorary chairman.

Most of the third generation of Agnellis married well. All but one of Gianni Agnelli's brothers and sisters married into royalty. The one exception was Giorgio, who died in 1965 at the age of 35. Gianni's elder sister, Clara, married Tassilo von Furstenberg, the son of German aristocrats whose bloodlines go back to the year 1070. Despite this heritage Tassilo had no personal wealth, as his uncle had taken over as the family patriarch, inheriting the von Furstenberg fortune. The union of the Agnelli and Furstenberg bloodlines produced two of contemporary Europe's most prominent socialites – fashion designer Egon von Furstenberg and his elder sister Ira.

Gianni was to make the best marriage of all – to Marella Caracciolo di Castagneto, an exquisite Neapolitan princess whose family's ancient heritage puts her on a par with the Bourbon del Montes. The beautiful Marella became the ideal wife for the heir to the Agnelli fortune. She was said in royal circles to have the longest neck in Europe and the writer Truman Capote once observed that if she were a jewel in the window of Tiffany's, she would be extremely costly.

Of all his family it is with his younger sister Susanna that Gianni has always had the closest rapport. Born 13 months after Gianni, she was the closest to him in spirit and temperament. But while her brother wed the elegant Marella, Susanna married and later divorced an extraordinary adventurer. His name was Count Urbano Rattazzi and he came from a noble but not especially wealthy Piedmontese family of lawyers and politicians.

The fourth of the Agnelli children, Maria Sole, was a shy girl who ended up marrying two counts. The first was Count Ranieri Campello della Spina, the scion of an antique Umbrian family, who died in 1959. Her second husband was Count Pio Teodorani Fabbri. He not only came from the land of Benito Mussolini's birth, but was also related indirectly to il Duce (the count's cousin was married to the niece of Arnaldo Mussolini, the dictator's brother).

Cristiana Agnelli, the sister of Gianni who was said to enjoy life the most, married Count Brando Brandolini d'Adda. He was a patrician noble from the fabulously wealthy Veneto-based Brandolini family.
Umberto Agnelli, the youngest, first married the semi-noble Antonella Bechi Piaggio. They later divorced. His more successful second marriage was to Allegra Caracciolo di Castagneto. She was Gianni's wife Marella's first cousin and a niece of the famous film dire